Bob,

I highly suggest reading the monologue (it's only 72 pages - lol). But seriously, the important part is pages 9 - 20. NovoRapid, as Dreggy explained, is engineered by making one amino acid substitution. This doesn't interfere with the active binding site of the insulin, but does make it less likely to form dimers and hexamers in the body. It is a hexamer, but dissociates more quickly to a monomer when injected subcutaneously.

It still is much slower than Afrezza. Time to max concentration is 12 minutes for Afrezza vs 52 min for NovoRapid. In fact, in reading the monologue, my opinion is that it's not all that much of an improvement over Lispro currently on the market.