Review of Cr(VI) environmental practices in the chromite mining and smelting industry-  Relevance to development of the Ring of Fire, Canada  (pp 887-888)

" The only process options that is known to generate Cr(VI) during

mining and ore beneficiation is dry milling, which should therefore

be avoided if possible (Step 2, Fig. 14)...

...The literature review proved that FeCr production, using recognized processes, will lead to the formation of small amounts of Cr(VI).

The Cr(VI) quantities formed are usually in the mg.kg_1

concentration range (or lower) and cannot be compared to the

manufacturing of Cr(VI) chemicals (e.g. chromate or dichromate)...."

"...Overall it can be stated that it is possible to produce FeCr

without causing Cr(VI) occupational and community health issues,

as well as environmental pollution. For instance, Huvinen and

Pukkala (2013, 2016) conducted a cohort study of personnel

employed by the Finnish FeCr and stainless steel industries during

the period 1967e2004 and found that these workers did not have

an increased mortality or cancer risk, when compared with the

general population. Also, no significant Cr(VI) environmental

pollution have been reported for the Finnish chromite mining and

smelting industries...."

https://www.oulu.fi/sites/default/files/content/2017BeukesetalReviewofCrVIenvironmentalpracticesinthechromiteminingandmeltingindustryeRelevancetodevelopmentoftheRingofFireCanada.pdf