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https://pgjonline.com/2009/03/19/analysis-points-to-pipe-alloy-for-safe-and-more-economical-lng-transport/

Material Choice And Design

There is now only one option to transfer LNG from the shore to the vessel – through a stainless steel rigid pipeline supported above sea level on a jetty. There are approved systems for running the pipeline subsea but, to date, such a system has not been applied in practice. The transportation of LNG presents the following challenges:

• Maintaining the low temperature of the product to prevent it re-gasifying on the way to the vessel.
• Selection of a pipeline material capable of resisting the low temperatures involved with the LNG processes.
• Conveying the pipeline from the shore out to the vessel.

The question of material choice and design is crucial to withstand the extreme temperature of the fluid within the linepipe while allowing efficient welding fabrication and construction. This ultra-low temperature would render carbon steel, the material of choice for most gas pipelines, brittle and susceptible to fracture and pipeline rupture. The extreme difference between the ambient temperature of the line and the temperature of the LNG causes the pipeline to contract considerably in length, thus inducing stresses into the pipe material itself, with the consequence of possibly exceeding the yield strength (or design code limits) of the material. Therefore, a suitable pipe material needs to be ductile at low temperature, able to withstand thermal stress and be readily welded. There are two materials considered for these installations:

• 36% nickel alloy steel.
• Stainless steel.

36% Nickel Alloy Steel