Ok, then lay out a logical argument for these actions. Why a last-second buy? I see lots of posts on these boards complaining about market manipulation and people selling at a down-tick at the last second, which could be day-traders moving out for the over-night. But why an uptick? I actually do believe that there is market manipulation, but when I see people decrying it on almost every stock board I start to wonder. I am also very, very familiar with computer programming and math algorithms and fully understand the logistics behind such manipulation, but the WHY still escapes me, especially in the case of a push upward by a penny. The only logic I can think of right now would be the urge to keep the stock in a tight range during the PP process (even though we already know that it was probably fully subscribed before the general word hit the street).